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English to Arabic translation-Another economic source

Language has fully turned into a better way to build good rapport among people living outside by learning their language. The more you know languages, the more chances are with you to strengthen your relationship with those speaking that particular language.

 

arabic language has provided a platform full of opportunities to people having sound knowledge and proficiency. This language is basically spoken in countries like Bahrain, Jordan, Morocco, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, United Arabs Emirates and Saudi Arabia. In many other countries this language is popularly used, more or less people are widely accepting Arabic expansion.

 

The main origin of Arabic language is considered to be from the language known as Proto-Semitic which resemble with the language spoken in many parts of Africa; the holy Quran of Islam also contributed preserving the original scripts of the language in written form.  Today, words of Arabic origin can also be found in many of the European languages that show the strong dominance of Arabs during the medieval period in all over the Europe.

 

Nowadays, this Arabic language became one of the important foreign languages whose demand in the market soared like never before due to the increasing trade relation among the countries. With the globalization and liberalization introduced by the world trade organization taking the consensus of the countries these two processes came into existence with full force. It led to the removal of the various trade barriers and restrictions of the countries that brought every country under business umbrella tied with business string.

 

With the coming of translation industry into the global market the demand of Arabic translators gave an upward push to Arabic translation which became a big necessity since the inception of the globalization. All the Arabs countries are developed and rich in petroleum products. They have a strong dominance in the international market and act as an artery because no country wants to keep itself isolated from these Arabs countries as every country requires importing of petroleum products. Due to this several European countries are pressing for forming a trade relation; they are supplying a lot of Foreign Direct Investments to these countries. For any trade development into these countries the companies need to come into a good mutual understanding which again requires translation and interpretation of the communication into Arabic. People having good grasped of English and proficiency in Arabic can find themselves employed into English to Arabic translation industry.

 

These days Arabic translation has become a source of revenue generation for the Government which resulted in the formation of various measures and policies to further develop this industry.

About the Author

 The author of this article is Vivekananda Chakma, working as a content writer with Somya Translations Pvt. Ltd., the leading languages translation and interpretation like Arabic translators Agency based on Delhi, in India.

Cousin Woodie and the Internet

My cousin Woodie was an overweight dropout in his early 40′s who lived on a trailer park in the USA. He never married and was often unemployed.  He was quite a clever guy but somewhat unhinged.  Generally, he kept himself to himself so few folks on the park ever saw him around. They certainly heard him though, for at dawn he liked to burst into song, just making up any words he didn’t know:

Jo Jo was a man before he was a woman, but he was another man.

Michelle ma belle, some say monkeys play piano well, ma belle Michelle.

Any Beatles fans listening must have found it very irritating. I know I would.

Woodie liked to brag about his collection of exotic foreign magazines which he hid in a shoe box in his den when his ma called round. He also kept a train set, ordered a lot of model aeroplane glue and wrote bad poetry. Though I hadn’t seen him for several years, he emailed me regularly. His main contact with the outside world, however, was through the internet where he used dubious pseudonyms and sent up or lampooned internet forums.

On a parenting forum, an anxious father reported that, to his horror,  he had found his 13yr old daughter smoking. Among the members’ helpful suggestions and replies,  you would have found Trailertrash asking if she was just hanging out with bikers or puffing away in front of her kids. Another father, who wondered how to tell if his son was gay, was given several suggestions such as “Auditioning for the part of Dorothy in the Wizard of Oz, is a good clue.’ and  ‘Wearing an ear ring does not mean he is gay, but if they’re shorthanded, he’ll probably help out.’

On a medical forum, as Trousersnake, he commiserated with those suffering from loss of libido but described in some detail how the offending medication (Lyrica) was having quite the opposite effect on him. He made it sound like boasting.

A missionary ship bound for Africa was holed up awaiting repairs in Newcastle, England.  Eager to sail, the crew vented their frustration, through various blogs, at the lack of progress in the shipyard.  As Trinity, Woodie warned the good people that as the ship probably provided the only form of employment in that city, it would never be allowed to leave. In the circumstances, they should consider devoting their lives to converting the locals to Christianity. His suggestion was not well received.

Visiting a sailboat forum, as Capt Bligh RN, he posted a design for a self-steering device which looked quite genuine but was complete nonsense. Several hundred members made the device and, oddly enough, a few of them claimed that it worked. One unfortunate sailor used it on a Pacific crossing to Hawaii and was never heard of again. That upset Woodie a lot, but he got over it after a beer or two.

By the way, if you are a member of the international PrayForMe forum, remove Repentant from your list of those in need of  your assistance. Like most of us, Woodie may have worried about the stock market, but does not require divine intervention in his choice of investments. It is unlikely that he has spent much time praying for your ailing mother. Oh be generous, brothers and sisters, and find space in your hearts to forgive him.

And should you happen across any of his suggestions for evading speeding fines or income tax, I would suggest that you ignore them. At the time, a few were quite promising but all the loopholes have now been firmly closed. Try praying instead.

Childhood

Though he was rather scared of his ma, Woodie was very loyal to her.  In fact, when she was transferred to the hospital wing, he visited the prison every month.  She once told me that as a child he entered an talent contest and sang a sentimental ditty he had heard on the radio:

M is for the million things she gave me

O is only that she’s growing old

T is for the tears she shed to save me

H is for her heart of purest gold
I is for her eyes forever shining

R is right and right she’ll always be

Put them all together they spell MOTHER

A word that means the world to me.

While the audience and the judge rocked with laughter, Woodie stood on the stage in confusion. Why were they laughing at his best song? Then, struggling to contain his amusement, an elderly judge stood up and shouted:

Put them all together, they spell MOTHIR.  A word that makes no sense to me!

The audience collapsed in convulsions and Woodie fled the stage in tears. That was the end of his brief career in show business. When his mother told me this, she was still laughing and said ‘Little varmint should have taken a bow. Might have won.’

Siblings? Yes there are two older sisters. As kids, I believe they were fond of him but had a strange way of showing it. They once told him that he had a twin brother called Forrest. He was very excited and asked them where his twin was now. They offered to show him. ‘Do I need to put on my shoes?’ he asked. ‘No,’ they replied, ‘Just come in your bare feet.’ He followed them to the bottom of the garden where they showed him a large mound of earth. ‘Forrest, our dear brother, is buried under there,’ they whispered sadly and then ran off laughing into the pig field. I think it affected him quite badly. Two years later, they dug up the mound to show him it was empty and he stopped wetting the bed.

Education

The world of education was not always kind to Woodie. On his very first day, the teacher told the kids that they were to draw a picture of something that they liked. She handed out paper and crayons and the kids eagerly set about the task. When they had finished, she told them to put their names on their drawings and hand them in so she could mark them. Woodie, who had drawn a very good picture of Squirts, his dog, waited in anticipation as the teacher studied the various works of art. She then showed them individually to the class and it was clear that the quality of the artwork gradually improved as she worked through the pile. Finally, she reached the last drawing and it just had to be Woodie’s.  ‘Now look carefully, children,’ she ordered. To Woodie’s joy, she held the sketch of his beloved Squirts in front of the class. Then, to his horror, she tore his picture into several pieces. ‘This is what happens when you don’t put your name on your work.’

Some years ago I asked him if he had ever seen his father and told me that he had met him just the once. His pa had turned up on a motorbike outside the educational institution where Woodie was being reformed and asked permission to spend a couple of hours with his son. After an emergency staff conference, permission was granted and, with Woodie perched precariously on the pillion, they roared off together into the desert. Later, propped up against a rock and enjoying a joint, this long lost relative stared at his son for a while and then offered some words of wisdom. ‘Listen kiddo,’ he said, ‘Whenever you get nervous, take several deep breaths to calm things down. It always works with me.’  Woodie thanked him for the fatherly advice but thought he would have preferred a crash helmet.  With dusk falling, they raced back to the school.  As the gates closed behind him, Woodie turned and watched his father disappear towards the sunset in a cloud of smoke. That was the last he ever saw of him.  I asked Woodie what his father looked like. ‘I dunno,’ he replied, ‘He never took his goggles off.’

Romance

Woodie was never very confident or comfortable with girls. His mother once told me that any decent girl would be hard-pressed to seek a romantic association with her son, though those were not her exact words. He did, however, have a Brazilian pen friend called Lidjaine. She was learning English at the time and, after an exchange of letters,  he sent her a charming little poem which he had written.

To Lidjaine

Lidjaine Lidjaine Lidjaine

With your long flowing mane

and two identical eyes 
that set my heart aflame.

Lidjaine Lidjaine Lidjaine

I know you’re not to blame

But there is one thing about you
I find a bit insane.

Lidjaine Lidjaine Lidjaine

I think it is a shame

That your parents didn’t call you by another name.

Lidjaine Lidjaine Lidjaine

Oh please can you explain

how do you pronounce your clumsy looking name?

Oh, Lidjaine! Lidjaine! Lidjaine!

She never replied which was a pity because he got good grades in English. For several years, he kept a fading photo of her pinned up in his den next to the letter from Prince Charles (Yes, the one who lives in London, England). More of that later.

Woodie never married and it’s probably for the best.  A few years back, he was asked to help out as Santa at the staff Christmas party in the Sewage Farm where he worked as a drains inspector. With his tattooed  fingers and wild hair, the kids approached him with some apprehension to collect their gifts.  One of his greeting cries was ‘Hi there and when’s your mom coming out of jail?’ To those who were brave enough to reply that mom was not in jail, he shouted ‘That’s great news! So they’ve let her out in time for Christmas!’  The following year they employed a professional actor for this role.

Now I don’t want you to think that Woodie had no friends. On the contrary, he had quite a lot of them and probably still has. He started to post pictures, that were taken of him as a kid, on sites with names like cuteboylinks or beautifuladz.  When he was twelve, I’d say he resembled a miniature version of Elton John, but he looked pleasant enough. His pictures, apparently, generated quite a lot of traffic. He found the attention hilarious, if not flattering, and sent me some of the comments that had been posted such as ‘This kid’s real cute!’ or ‘Got any more of this angel?’.  He kept a record of the comments and found that the most frequent requests were for images of him shirtless. Yes, that had me puzzled too. Well, he didn’t have any photos like that and if there were any in the old family album, I wasn’t going to let on. When he started to sign off his emails with Hübsch Junge,  I realised that he had established an international following. As far as I know, those pictures are still spinning away in cyberspace and attracting a host of new fans.  Right now, he is probably boy of the month on gorgeousyoungsweetguys.blogspot

 

The songwriter

Despite his failure as a young singer, Woodie never abandoned his dream of being a famous songwriter. Occasionally, he sent me the lyrics of songs he had written and asked me to put a tune to them. I grew tired of this and just kept sending him the same tune, but Woodie was too busy writing new lyrics to notice.

I guess he must have penned over three hundred songs. The last one he sent me was entitled Try, Try, Try Again. which seemed appropriate.  He liked writing country songs with lyrics like: The marriage is tomorrow but the honeymoon’s tonight!,  She stole my heart, my hat and my horse, etc.  He mailed I’ll Just Lie Here to several well known country singers but their agents ignored it.  Personally, I found it rather disturbing.  Here’s the chorus:

I see a man with my wife

I see a man living my life

I see a man with my gal

If I’d a gun I’d blast him to hell.

But I’ll just lie here all alone

I’ll just lie here on my own

I’ll just lie here outside town

I’ll just lie here – six foot down.

Animal lovers would not have appreciated the lyrics of Bring your dog up right. You only needed one verse to see why:

Oh, I love my dog to pieces

For she really cures the blues,

But I kick her butt each time I find

Her mess stuck on my shoe.

Inventions

Now there was a subject close to Woodie’s heart if not his brain. Some of his ideas beggared belief but they may catch on one day. For example, he developed an airbag for use with a motorbike (too late for that ride into the desert), and there was the car that could be driven from the back seat.  His other major contribution to road safety was a sharp steel spike clamped to the centre of a steering wheel and pointing at the driver’s heart.  It was almost as gruesome as his self-tattooing machine. Rather less risky, was the sideways rocking chair for use as a training aid to cure seasickness. Then there was the harmonica which played itself in a gust of wind. Another project involved home-made fireworks. Using a recipe for explosives he found on the internet, he designed a hat to fire rockets and demonstrated it at Halloween. Though Woodie lost most of his hair, the neighbours considered the hat a resounding success.  He blamed the confusing instructions – some of which were in Arabic.  I also recall the baby bed cage which was something parents could use to protect their newborn in bed. If one or both parents rolled over onto junior, the bars of the cage were strong enough to withstand the weight of two obese adults. As I said earlier,  it was probably for the best that he did not father any children.

The explosion was not the only time that Woodie diced with danger. He stumbled into the forbidden castle or something; a forum celebrating the beauty of young models and actresses. The kind of forum where sad guys post things like ‘OMG I love her and I want to marry her one day!’ Woodie added comments like ‘Well I just want her to come over to my den and play with my train set.’ or ‘Hey, she looks like my favourite niece, Jolene!’. When he told me about this, I hit the roof. I told him to steer well clear of that stuff. You just don’t know who is on these sites. The internet is a dangerous place, even for guys who own a train set and mean what they say. Come to think of it, I don’t remember a niece called Jolene.

Months later, he was still hanging around the castle walls. There was some kind of a fan club for the original Dorothy in Wizard of Oz and he told the members that he would rather have a romantic affair with Toto, her dog, though those were not his exact words. He got thrown off the forum.

Earlier, I mentioned a letter from Prince Charles. Actually, the letter came from the Prince’s personal assistant but it had the right address on it and all the trimmings. It seemed that some years ago Prince Charles had an accident. Perhaps he was playing polo or involved in some kind of horse play, but he spent the night in a National Health Service hospital. This was a humble medical destination for the injured king-to-be but he was looked after with great skill and the story was picked up by the international press.  Woodie got the idea that this was a state institution providing very basic medical care for the destitute, and some folks in the UK would agree. He wrote a letter to Prince Charles expressing his sympathy for the injury and suggesting that he took out some Blue Cross health insurance. The return letter thanked him for his concern and assured him that the Prince had fully recovered.  Woodie was very proud of that letter. As you will see later, it may have been his first, but not his last, contact with royalty.

Woodie the Seafarer

For someone who had probably never seen the sea, Woodie was quite interested in ships and was delighted when I sent him a photo of the SS Romantic, a rust bucket on which I had worked.

One day, he removed the photo from where it was pinned under his beloved Lidjaine and, having scanned it, started to mess around using photoshop. He altered the masts, enlarged the funnel, added some extra portholes, disguised the name and then posted it on an international forum for ship enthusiasts.  As Neptune, he asked members of the forum to help him identify it and they applied their knowledge and skills to this task with great enthusiasm. The ship’s nationality was the subject of much discussion and, according to the experts, was variously owned by Norway, Israel, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia or Poland. One member was adamant that he could see a Star of David on the funnel whereas another member insisted that the pattern was caused by some radio masts. The two became very argumentative over this point and had to be restrained by a moderator.  Asked to describe where the photo was taken, Woodie replied that he’d seen the mystery ship in Antarctica. Excited by this news, the experts embarked on another line of enquiry but it was one that led only to more arguments.

By the time the topic had clocked up 2,500 visitors, Woodie decided to drop anchor. He returned to his original post and replaced the fake photo with the genuine one.  The arguments trundled on for a few more days and then someone new to the topic asked what the fuss was all about. In his opinion, it was perfectly obvious to any fool that the ship was the SS Romantic; the name was clearly painted on the bows.  Some of the self-styled experts were furious and demanded the immediate expulsion of Neptune. One irate member was particularly aggrieved because he had paid a laboratory to work on the photo in order to reveal the ship’s name.  In crossing the Australian outback to do so, his car had broken down and he had to go walkabout for a couple days before being rescued.

After this, Woodie tried spreading an urban myth in which the government had blocked publication of a report comparing the personalities of criminals and police officers. In a study of many different traits, no significant differences between the two populations were discovered. Now can you imagine that anyone would believe such a thing?
For some months, several police forums kept receiving recipes for donuts from a certain Yobbocop.  I asked him what he had against cops but he just replied ‘Well, I never met one I didn’t want to kick.’

As Trailerskunk, he soon tired of asking junkie sites where he could obtain some pot suppositories: ‘I need a bullet shaped preparation I can place where the sun don’t shine and the cops won’t look’. Somewhat to his irritation, he discovered that such a product did indeed exist and came highly recommended, which took the wind out of his sails. Later, as IllegalAlien, he filed sightings of UFO’s with the National Reporting Center. ‘Driving north on I-440, I observed in the night sky a cigar-shaped object with a long row of windows and flashing lights descending to earth. It landed in a field to the east of Little Rock.’ No one seemed to notice that this event occurs about 150 time a day at Little Rock, but he was starting to lose interest. Then, Nigerian scammers entered his computer and they must have lived to regret it.

Scammers

Like most folks who use the internet, Woodie had his fair share of scam e-mails, particularly the kind that appear in the inbox and say things like:

My Dear Friend
It is with heart of hope that I write to seek your help in the context below. I am Genza Munga, the first son of the late Mko Munga,  A political philantropist and the alleged winner of the June 12 1993 Presidential election, Who died in custody of the Gen Inje Obanithe former military president of the Democratic Republic of Nigeria. I know you will be surprise on how i got your contact, but it was after a careful search in my late father archives that i saw your contact, I have no doubt on your good will to assist me in receiving into your custody (For Safety) the sum of Forty Eight Million, Five hundred Thousand United States Dollars (US$48.5M) willed and deposited in my favour by my Late father.  ………and so on.

He had several ways of dealing with these requests. One was to create an email address which included the name of the sender. So, in the example above, he would become genzamunga@whatever.com  and berate the sender for stealing both his name and his scam. He would threaten to send in the  heavy mob, ‘For I know where you are hiding, you snake in the grass.’  At other times, however, he would agree to collect the crate of dollars or family jewels personally and bring the $1000 release fee in cash.

One spin-off from these scam emails was that he increased his geographical knowledge of the world quite considerably without leaving the trailer. He became quite well-informed about African countries, Holland, and the streets of Amsterdam in particular.  He often went to the trouble of investigating the cost and times of flights from New York to Amsterdam. Naturally, he would expect a driver and car to meet him at the airport and the driver had to hold up a very large card with the word Squirts on it. Squirts, of course, was long since deceased. but Woodie had never forgotten his only true friend. In meeting his scammers, he usually selected the same rendezvous which he described thus:

Go to the Amnesia Bar on the Herengracht. The music there is the pits but the coffee is good and the other customers will be too busy enjoying the smoke to notice us.   I shall be carrying an empty violin case which can be thrown into a nearby canal if we need to go somewhere else to discuss business. Meet me at the table by the entrance to the bathroom.

He said that he sometimes managed to arrange meetings with several different scammers at the same time and would sit in his trailer imagining them all threading their way through the smoke to sit at the same table by the entrance to the bathroom.  I knew that he had got involved with this kind of nonsense because he had started inserting certain phrases into the emails he sent me; phrases which he had picked up from his newfound friends such as:

‘Thank you and God bless you and please extend my greetings to your entire family.’

‘WHAT IS GOING ON?’

‘Be that as it may, my friend.’

Then came the fateful day when Queen Shoneka entered Woodie’s cyberspace. It was the usual kind of scam with the promise of 9 million dollars deposited by her late father (the country’s first interim president) in a South African bank. At first he played all the usual time-wasting tricks and was entertained by her quaint spelling,  eg massage instead of message.  ‘Oh Queen, how I look forward to your next massage.’  With the aid of an airways timetable, he found a flight that sounded plausible: SAA235 to Johannesburg, arriving 6 September at 7.25 am local time.  He apologised for its early arrival – deliberately timed for the middle of the busiest rush hour in Africa. Somewhat to his surprise, Queen Shoneka booked him a room in the Road Lodge Hotel not far from the airport and gave him a reservation number. Out of curiosity, Woodie checked the reservation and found it to be genuine. But, of course, he was still back home in his trailer when her driver and his assistant turned up at the airport to greet him.  Queen Shoneka began to panic:

I am writing to ask what actually is going on. You did not show up. I even sent a massage to you. Kindly reply to ease my mind. I am waiting for you at the Road Lodge Hotel and am so worried. Please don’t destroy my entire life and future.

A later massage, sorry, message,  informed Woodie that her driver and the assistant had been arrested at the airport and that she was in deep trouble. It was at this point that Woodie began to feel guilty. His excuse for missing the flight was a lame one but the Queen swallowed it. He then emailed her some ideas as to how she might escape the building and avoid capture by the South African police. Eventually, he received the good news that she had taken up his suggestion of hiding in a rubbish skip, by which means she had been transported, free of charge, to an industrial tip not far from the city centre. After that, they began to exchange messages, and even the occasional photo. Undeniably, Queen Shoneka was an attractive woman and her photo soon replaced that of Lidjaine’s on the wall of his den.

When Woodie told me all this, I urged him to be cautious for Queen Shoneka might not be a genuine female monarch. In fact, she could turn out to be a six foot guy weighing 180 lbs who moonlighted as a bodyguard when he wasn’t sitting in an internet cafe. But it was no use; he was hooked and, until his emails suddenly stopped, talked of nothing else but his African Queen. I even wrote to his ma and asked her to talk some sense into him, but the reply I received came as a shock. Woodie had disappeared from the trailer park and no one knew of his whereabouts. I couldn’t believe that he had gone to South Africa to be with Queen Shoneka, though there was always a possibility that he had. It was a complete mystery.

So the months passed by and there was not a single word from Woodie.  Then, while visiting friends in the USA, I happened to pass the trailer park where he had lived and drove in.  An old guy, sitting on a bench in the sun, pointed out Woodie’s trailer, now occupied by another family.  I asked him if he remembered my cousin.  ‘Remember him?’ he replied, ‘I won’t never forget him. As sure as hell, that boy was wired to the moon. Most people round here avoided him but he didn’t scare me.  About a year ago, he just took off one night and never came back. Had an African lady with him. Fine looking woman too. I don’t know what she saw in him, but it takes all sorts.’

We sat there sharing a beer and gazing at the folks going about their business in the park.  ‘You ain’t the only person whose been here looking for him,’ he continued.  I asked him what the other visitor looked like. ‘Not one visitor,’ he replied, ‘A whole darn posse of them. Police cars all over the place, special agents in the trees, loud hailers, guns at the ready. I was scared out of my mind!  We had guys from the narcotic squad, the IRS, the child protection agency, the immigration service.  You name it, they were there. In fact, before they discovered he’d split, they were arguing over who should snatch him. Do you know that Woodie had a little train set? After they searched his trailer, some of them sat outside playing with it.  The others were going through a big pile of magazines and it took them a long time. I guess he had something special hidden there. The two guys from the IRS kept sniffing at some tins. I’ll never know what that boy was up to, but it weren’t legal.’

As I drove away from the trailer park that afternoon, I felt a warm glow inside.  Cruising down the highway, I burst into a Bob Dylan song; it was one of Woodie’s favourites:

‘The ants are my friends, they’re blowin’ in the wind
,

The ants are blowing in the wind. ‘

Woodie, if you ever read this, I wish you and your African Queen well. Have a long and happy life together. You don’t have to send me another email. In fact, I’d be overjoyed  if you never touch another computer or surf the internet again.

About the Author

Tony Crowley  March 2009  See wiki

Is there an online english to arabic translator that keeps the word in the english alphabet?

I want to find a translator that takes an English word and converts it to Arabic, but all the ones I found so far convert my words into Arabic characters as well. I want to be able to hazard a guess at pronouncing the words in Arabic, I don’t need to write them. Can anyone help me find something like this?

From Google translation
you can hear how the word is pronounced.

I remember it also provides the feature of writing the word as it’s pronounced with latin letters
but im not sure if it’s for Arabic also or not

Quranic Linguistics and Ethics

INTRODUCTION

 Literature is made of language.  In another broad sense, language is made of words and words form chains of sentences.  One may know what the words mean and how they can be used together in meaningful combinations. However, one may or may not be able to express the rules of those combinations – the grammar. But as a user of a language, one can recognize when a group of words makes sense and when it does not. This knowledge of the system makes it possible for one to make sense of the particular combination of words that a text provides.  One has to apply this knowledge of the system of language – its meanings and forms – before a work of literature can come to life.

An individual may experience a story or a poem that one reads differently than the next individual.  This is because a reader brings what he reads to his own background and belief as well as his own knowledge and each one imparts one’s own meaning into what one reads.  However, there are certain rules that a reader must abide by where meaning is concerned.  There are language rules, literary rules and cultural rules which make up the systems of meaning.  Thus, one cannot make what one reads whatever one wants it to mean.  Reading literature actively and critically draws one’s attention to these systems of meaning.

An attentiveness to language in reading literature helps one to anchor on  specific linguistic analysis within the text to focus on linguistic features such as distinctive word orders, choices of vocabulary, patterns of sound and rhythm, and  complexities  of meaning .  These structures of language are clearly visible and present in literature.

The English translated versions of the Quran have been found to contain a rich variety of linguistic features. When one looks closer and give it the same attentiveness to the visibility of the structures of language in its literature, one can experience and perceive its literary value.

When one reads a poem, for example, one first looks at the language used – the words.  When one goes on to analyse a poem, one must consider its subject matter, the poet’s approach to it and the form and style in which the poem is written.  The subject matter and the poet’s approach generally influence his choice of form and style.  If a poet writes about a violent subject, for example, The Tornedo, the poet will tend to use words violent in their meanings and sounds.

Similarly, when one reads the verses of the English translated versions of the Quran by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, one can appreciate the same poetic enjoyment and fulfillment. ln the academic setting, especially at tertiary level Islamic institutions, attempts have been made to incorporate Islam into all courses.  The use of English language translations of the Quran as literary texts would surely be a way of incorporating Islam to a larger extent in a literature classroom in the English language as the medium of instruction.

The majority of Muslims in the world are non-Arabic speakers which indeed makes it a necessity to deal with the Quran in various languages.  The English language, especially, as the world’s major international language would make a good medium for understanding Quranic teachings and thereby helping Muslims spread peace and harmony internationally through their practice of and commitment to Islam.

There is no general consensus on which translations of the meaning of the Quran are the “closest” or best. Each scholar may have his or her own reasons for preferring or rejecting a particular text.

TRANSLATIONS OF THE MEANING OF THE QURAN

According to Ahmad von Denffer, Muslim scholars agree that it is impossible to transfer the meaning of the original Quran word-for-word to another language (Von Denffer,1985:143). Some academicians refer to any translated version of the Quran in any language as translations of the Quran which are actually expressions of words and phrases that convey the meaning of the Quran in other languages.

Muhammad Al-Ghazali and Umar Ubayd Hasanah write that there is a consensus among Muslim scholars that when the Quran is translated into any other language, the translated work cannot convey the Quran’s original and exact meaning (Al-Ghazali and Hasanah, 1991:239). Thus, it is appropriate to call these translated work, translations of the meaning of the Quran in for instance, English, French, and German.  Scholars concur that the original text which was revealed in Arabic is the only book that can be called the Quran.

M. Pickthall opened the foreword section of his book, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran-English language translation of the meaning of the Quran, with these lines:

The aim of this work is to present readers what the world over holds to be the meaning of the words of the Quran and the  nature of  that  Book ……. The Quran cannot be translated (Pickthall, 1963: i).            

 Muhammad Asad writes in his book, The Message of the Quran -English language translation of the meaning of the Quran:

I do not claim to have “translated” the Quran in the   sense in which, say Plato or Shakespeare can be translated.  Unlike any other book, its meaning and its linguistic presentation form one unbreakable whole.  The position of individual words in a sentence, the rhythm and the sound of its phrases and their syntactic construction, the manner in which a metaphor flows almost imperceptibly into a pragmatic statement, the use of acoustic stress not merely in the service of rhetoric but as a means of alluding to unspoken but clearly implied ideas: all this makes the Quran, in the last resort, unique and untranslatable – a fact that has been pointed out by many earlier translators and by all Arab scholars.  But although it is impossible to “reproduce” the Quran as such in any other language, it is nonetheless possible to render its message comprehensible to people who, like most Westerners, do not know Arabic at all or – as is the case with most of the educated non-Arab Muslims – not well enough to find  their  way  through  it unaided (Asad,1980: v).

The translations of the Quran are actually expressions of the meaning of the Quran in other languages.  Although these translations cannot adequately express all the meanings of the Quran carried by the original text, these translations are greatly in need. Since the majority of Muslims in the world are non-Arabic speakers, translations of the meaning of the Quran in other languages serve their purpose of existence. Translations of the meaning of the Quran therefore becomes a practical basis for the spread of Islam to others all over the world.

While choosing a translation, a reader should keep in mind that the original Quran which was written in Arabic, has been revealed as guidance for mankind. A translation is to lead a reader to understand the meaning of the Quran so that one gets the guidance from it. Since the first published English translation of the Quran, about 350 years has passed. Within this period, 40 complete English translations have been published (Khan, 1997:245).

According  to Dr. M.H. Khan , the first complete translation of the Quran was done in Latin by an Englishman, Robert of Ketton. Robert professed that he attempted to undertake this project of translation by “selecting nothing, altering nothing in the sense except for the sake of intelligibility.” He completed this project somewhere between 16th June and 16th July 1643 (Khan, 1997:2).

Dr. Khan also highlighted the first English translation of the Quran was done by a Frenchman, du Ryer. The translation which was lengthily entitled: The Alcoran of Mahomet, translated out of Arabique into French; by the Sieur du Ryer, Lord of Malezair, and Resident for the King of France, at Alexandria. And newly Englished, for the satisfaction of all that desire to look into the Turkish vanities, was printed in London in 1649. Dr. Khan summed up reviewers’ comments of the first English translation of the Quran to be “very far from perfect” and “an indifferent translation of an inadequate version” (Khan, 1997:34).

MUHAMMAD ASAD

Muhammad Asad, formerly known as Leopold Weiss, was born in 1900 in the Polish city of Lvov. In 1958, he went to Switzerland and commenced the translation of the Quran into English. About 5 years of work, Asad published The Message of the Quran in 1964. It was a preliminary, limited edition of part of his complete translation. The complete translation of Asad, the first of about twenty-two years of labour, came out in 1980, published by Dar al-Andalus Limited, Gibraltar.

The features of his book include a page of dedication “for people who think “ and a table of contents which gives both Arabic captions and their English translation of surah, a list of works of references and a foreword explaining the need for a new translation. Arabic text and English rendering are printed in parallel columns while short commentaries appear as footnotes in the translation. A brief introduction to each surah explains the chronological order of it but sometimes goes further to present its inner message. The work includes four useful appendices: “Symbolism and allegory in the Quran, al-Muqattaat, the term and the concept of Jinn, and the night journey” (Khan, 1997:146).

ABDULLAH YUSF ALI

Abdullah Yusuf Ali, also known as Allama Abdullah Yusuf Ali was born on 4th April 1872 in Surat, India. He died on 10th December 1953. Abdullah Yusuf Ali is a well-known figure in the Quranic literature. His English translation of the Quran is so popular that almost every  English speaking Muslim has read it, heard of it or has a copy of it.

The features of his book are that the Arabic text and English translation are printed in parallel columns, series of notes are arranged as commentary on the lower half of the page, and each individual surah starts with a poetical summary. The book starts with a general introduction, poetical introduction and a table of contents. The first edition came out between 1934 and 1937. In all, 93 different editions by Abdullah Yusuf Ali were identified (Khan, 1997:123).

SELECTION OF SURAH

The surah (chapters of the Quran) can be selected randomly from the list of Medinan and Meccan surah. The selection of which verses in which Surah would be suitable to use in the Literature classroom has to be done with much thought and planning. This writer considers these aspects when making the selection:

a)   That the surah is of medium length-not too long or short. This writer has considered the approximate time of one class period to complete the teaching of one medium length surah.

b)   That the surah contains issues interesting and appropriate for the undergraduate level. Familiar issues are important for class participation and adequate points for essay writing.

MEDINAN AND MECCAN SURAH

 The Quran was revealed over a period of twenty-three years. The growth and development of the Muslims during the period of revelation are marked by two great phases:

a)   The period in Mecca, before the Prophet’s migration.

b)   The period in Medina, after the Prophet’s migration.

The knowledge of Meccan and Medinan revelations (or surah) is of great importance to a Muslim.  Altogether there are one hundred and fourteen surah in the Quran. The Meccan phase of revelation lasted about thirteen years from the first revelation up to the Prophet’s migration.  The main themes of the Meccan surah are:

a)   Allah and the oneness of Allah

b)   The Day of Judgement

c)   Righteous conduct

Meccan surah  are usually short. There are eighty-five Meccan surah in the Quran .The Medinan phase lasted about ten years, from the Prophet’s migration up to the death of the Prophet.  The main themes of Medinan surah are:

a)   legislation

b)   rules for social dealings

c)   property and inheritance.

Medinan surah are usually longer than Meccan surah.  There are twenty-nine Medinan surah in the Quran.

CONCLUSION

 A further objective of this paper was to explore and create an awareness of the literary aspects of two versions of the English language translations of the meaning of the Quran mentioned below and consequently possibly using them as literary texts for the teaching of literature in the English language.

This writer has chosen Abdullah Yusuf Ali’s version  because this book, The Holy Quran, has numerous footnotes which provide one with helpful explanations and background information. Furthermore, the English language used in this book is especially appealing to this writer in style—it is considered more poetic than others.

This writer was for a long while not aware of the existence of the other chosen book, The Message of the Quran by Muhammad Asad. When this writer first stumbled across Muhammad Asad’s version, its narrative prosaic style caught this writer’s attention. Personally, this writer felt that it is written in such a way that it was somewhat easier to understand than Abdullah Yusuf Ali’s version and other versions which had been read by this writer. In such a case, this writer further thought that Muhammad Asad’s version would serve well perhaps for younger readers or even for those with less competence in the English language.

The diverse variety of topics found in the Medinan and Meccan surahs makes the possibility and suitability of using it as a literary text that much more. Furthermore, the verses in each surah are rich with linguistic and literary features. These features can be exploited in the English language and Literature classroom as with any other literary text.

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 Baker, Sheridan. The Practical Stylist with Readings and Handbook. New York: Longman, 1998.

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 Berghout, Abdul Aziz, Abdul Rahman, Umar and Jazzar, Mohammed Riyad. Oral Interview. Petaling Jaya: International Islamic University, 1998.

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About the Author

I am, at present, a Lecturer in the English Department at the British University in Egypt — El Shorouk City, Cairo. I am a U.S. citizen with a PhD in English Literature and Applied Linguistics-Stylistics, as well as a master’s degree and a postgraduate teaching diploma in Teaching English as a Second Language. I have taught both in the United States and abroad.
My research is in the field of using English language translations of the Quran as material for the teaching of English language and literature to non-native English speakers. I have done extensive work in this area since 1992, and I have accumulated many case studies and classroom observations. Starting from the experience of substituting sections from the Quran for the standard classroom text, I have employed various pedagogical approaches to teaching the Quran as literature — questionnaires, stylistic analysis, comparative studies of different English language translations, linguistic analysis of verses, and so on. I have also organized a forum on this topic with experts in the field.
In doing all of this, my intention was not to look at the religious value of the verses, but at the literary value that is so abundant in both the English language translations and the original. I have been able to prepare a number of articles based on the data from my classroom experiences. I would like to share my research-based findings internationally.

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Portuguese Translators, World Cup, And The Summer Olympic Games

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English-Persian Word Formation with an Eye on Culture and Thought Effects

1. Introduction

As per Carroll (2007), Locke (1690) came to change that old belief saying that thought is independent of language and language is dependent on thought. Word forms are merely reflections of some underlying ideas. It is thought which determines the selection of word forms.

In Vygotsky’s view, however, language and thought are logically distinct but contingently related. Vygotsky (1962) stated that “the structure of speech is not simply the mirror image of the structure of thought.” In other words, thought is restructured as it is transformed into speech, and completed in the word. He concludes that in growing up within a particular linguistically structured relationship, the child begins to perceive the world not only through its eyes but also through its speech. And later it is not just seeing but acting that is informed by words.

This study is particularly important in that it gives language students a deeper insight into learning vocabulary of the language so that they understand words better and keep them longer.

The following questions will be addressed:

1. What is the effect of thought on word formation?

2. Does culture play a role in forming words?

3. How does word formation process differ in English and Persian?

2. Review of the literature

2.0 Preliminaries

As a history of this topic, this researcher found the Chinese professor Wang Aiguo (1997) who ran a similar study to this one “A Comparison of Word-formation between Chinese and English”; yet it was quite syntactic with little reference to culture or thought patterns.

According to Wang, through studying and analyzing rules of Chinese and English word formation, both Chinese L2 and English L2 learners can also enlarge their native language vocabulary in addition to finding out the similarities and differences between the two languages concerned. Finally he came to the conclusion that through a detailed comparison of word-formation between the two languages, similarity exists between the two although they belong to different writing systems, one is graphic and the other alphabetic; one is inflectional (English) while the other is not. Both languages have compounds, affixations, conversions, blends, abbreviations and loans.

 

This researcher is particularly interested in semantics and culture by choosing colors, objects, numbers, measure units, address terms, animal terms, religious terms, flowers, stars and planetsdomains to achieve the goals of the thesis.

 

2.1 Object terms

Gopnik and Choi (1994) examined the linguistic and cognitive development of Korean- speaking children. Compared to English, Korean uses fewer nouns. They found that Korean children were delayed in categorization tasks and the naming explosion. Subsequently in 1995 they discovered that Korean children were superior to the English in means-ends abilities and success/failure words. English speakers were superior in categorization and naming; Korean used more verbs but fewer nouns.

The birth of grammar in children is also worth taking note of. They use single words as a complete sentence and follow the grammatical patterns used by their parents. The effect of social setting and children’s interaction here is quite clear.

A grammatical influence on cognition was also tested by many. Some are presented here to help the topic at issue.

 

2.2 Grammatical marking of form

Carroll and Casagrande (1958) compared Navaho and English. They observed that in Navaho, the form of the verb for handling an object varies with the form or shape of the object. The verb varies if the object is a long flexible object versus a flat flexible or a long rigid one. On this basis, they proposed that Navaho-speaking children would learn to discriminate the forms of objects at an earlier age than English-speaking children do.

 

2.3 Grammatical marking of gender

English grammatical gender is limited to singular personal pronouns only- he, she, it. Spanish extends this issue to verbs and nouns as well.

Martinez and Shatz (1996) examined this effect on categorization in 3 to 4- year old children. They presented Spanish-English children with pictures of animate and inanimate objects and asked them to put in their belonging groups. There were similarities and differences in their strategies to use. One- third of the Spanish children sorted them by gender while English ones did not so. They concluded that sometimes at least young children may use grammatical gender for classification.

3. Methodology

We need to refer to word formation processes both in English and Persian in order to find out some of the sources which contributed to having a new word. In English, Word formation processes include etymology, coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms and derivations.

Persian shares some of those suggested above yet not all of them. Etymology, coinage, borrowing, compounding, acronyms and derivations are prevalent ways of forming words in Persian as well.

3.1 Materials & instruments

A well-known short story titled Animal Farm by Orwell in English with two different translations by  Firoozbakht and  Amirshahi were utilized to find required data about the use and translation of certain words in the specified domains; besides, a Persian short story entitled ” Ahuye Kuhi ” authored by Mahmood Golab Darrehi was used to atone for any probable defects arisen from translation job and thereby to tap into the Persian culture.

Additionally, I should say that researcher’s reference was not limited to the aforesaid books and made use of various other books as well- Burke’s Street Talk containing American slangs and Perrine’s English Poetry also remained in focus. They were found so rich and useful to give us lots of words which will be discussed within our specified domains.

3.2 Procedure of Data collection

The researcher used the materials mentioned above to collect required data. The data were found sufficient after referring to some other books in English such as Perrine’s English Poetry and Burke’s Street Talk; these two especially helped the researcher to tap an insight into the way English speakers think and how it comes to affect their building a vocabulary system.

It should be noted that the whole books were taken into critical consideration without applying any certain sampling procedure. Facing a pertinent word or a hint in the specified domains, the researcher highlighted them and hard copied for later use. Thus any categorization in domains of colors, numbers, objects, measure units, address terms ,animal terms, religious terms , flowers, stars and planets were noticed along with attention paid to special grammatical points which were expected to help find the influence of culture and thought on building the vocabulary system in both languages.

3.3. Data analysis procedure

The procedure to analyze the data was not statistic in nature; yet, this researcher made partly use of a certain framework utilized by Yarmohammadi (2002) to see into the classification and/or translation of words.

The framework at issue extends the aforesaid framework taking colors, objects, numbers, measure units, address terms, animal terms, religious terms, flowers, stars and planets into consideration, which are helpful here to achieve the goal of the thesis. Besides, a categorization of words and equivalent translations is studied syntactically from viewpoint of being simple, compound, complex, complex-compound, idioms, unities and so on.

Results and discusions

* Persian vocabulary

This language makes extensive use of word building techniques such as affixing and compounding to derive new words from roots. Persian has also had considerable contact with other languages, resulting in many borrowings.

*Local word formation

Persian language has proved to be so strong and powerful in word building and especially potent in ways a word can be built from combining affixes, stems, nouns and adjectives. Persian frequently uses derivations to build its vocabulary from nouns, adjectives, and verbal stems. New words are extensively formed by combining two existing words into a new one. An example set of words derived from a present stem combined with some of available affixes:

Persian Components English Word class

Dān                              Dān                     to know                    Verbal stem

dānesh                        dān + -esh           Knowledge               Noun

dāneshgāh                  dān + -esh + -gāh University                 Noun

Furthermore, Persian is using a repetition of words to come up with a new word. Note the words just hereunder:

‘zār zār’, ‘galeh galeh’, ‘daste daste’, ‘sabad sabad’, ‘rafteh rafteh’, ‘andak andak’, ‘nāz nāzi’, ‘bāl bāl’, ‘qete’h qete’h', ‘nam nam’, ‘tep tep’ and ‘kam kam’ are of this category.

To talk about the sounds of birds and some animals, Persian speakers imitate them nearly in a sort of repetition. Here below come a group of such sounds:

Qār Qār konān, ba’ ba’, qu quli qu qu, bagh baghu, ar ar konān, ow ow, mew mew, wez wez, kuāk kuāk, qur qur, jir jir, pech pech, qāt qāt, qah qah, qod qod, haq haq etc.

In the same line with repetitions, Persian speakers often use a close similar word of a certain main word to emphasize the status or clarify the meaning. They are mostly adjectives but other parts of speech can be seen as well. The accompanied word normally means nothing special and cannot stand alone by itself. They just exist to strengthen or aggravate a situation and status. Now find hereunder a series of these words:

New word                                Parts of speech                              English equivalent

/āt o āshghāl/                               N                                                 trash, waste materials

/ xert o pert/                                 N                                                 tools of less use

/ kaj o maj/                                  adj.                                               crooked

/ doros o rās/                               adj.                                               set to rights

*External influence

Persian has influenced the vocabularies of other languages though not so much as it’s influenced by them. Many Persian words have also found their way into the English language.

• Arabic influence on Persian culture

Iran’s defeat and occupation by Arabs which goes back to around 13 centuries ago brought about a swarm of words into the Iranian culture. There came Pahlavi to replace Arabic and when their books were translated into Arabic by new Iranian muslins, Arabic became the language of the intellectuals: Writers, poets and philosophers as well as governmental people chose to speak and write in Arabic.

We need to note here the role of translators in importing words from other languages especially when they fail to find pure Persian equivalents.

/ qute lāyamuti nadarim/                   we have nothing to keep soul and body together

/ ma’zālek arbabe motlaq heywan ast/             the animal is the full boss , however.

/ khod rā be ālāte chamanzani mi bastand/   they tied themselves to grass mower machines

• Turkish/ Russian influence on Persian culture

Turkish in turn affected Persian countries considerably. Throughout history, the Persian-speaking areas including Iran were ruled by a succession of Turk tribes which governed Persian culture and literature. With the exception of certain official designations within the government many of the Turkic words in Persian have a more informal shape and therefore these words don’t look foreign to many Persian native speakers:

e.g. āqā ‘mister’, doqolu ‘twin’, komak ‘help’, toman ‘official currency of Iran’ , kākā ‘brother’, qeshlāq ‘village.

Apart from Turks, Russians also occupied Iran peacefully during our Shahs’ regimes when Europeans preferred to enjoy lands and resources in southern Iran and left the northern part for Russians. Naturally they also let their favorite words like ‘ estekan’ (tea cup) into Persian.

• European influence on Persian culture

Over the past couple of centuries, Persian language has borrowed many words from European languages mainly French and English. A lot of these loanwords were originally French and use French pronunciation; also other common words mainly come from English, Italian and German as well. The table below shows some examples of common French/Persian words.

Persian French English

dush douche  shower

mersi merci thank you

gārson garçon waiter

*English vocabulary The researcher has tried to categorize the processes of word formation into two parts, simply syntactic and semantic. So far the syntactic part has remained in focus and the semantic one is put off to a later time and more analytical study. Following processes to form a word is partly common in English and Persian.

-Etymology

Know; knew; known; knowingly; unknowingly; unknown; well-known;

- Coinage

fax, radio, computer ,

- Loaning

Alcohol, fiancé,

- Compounding

Gun+ powder= gunpowder, black + board= blackboard, white + house = White House,

- Blending

Smoke+ fog=smog, breakfast + lunch = brunch

- Clipping

”Ad” derived from advertisement, ”Prof” from professor

-Backformation

Television/ televise, telephone/ phone

-Conversion

Master (n) = master (v), address (n) =address (v)

-Acronyms

AIDS, LASER, UNESCO

-Derivations

Box, inbox, outbox

 

* Semantic word formation

So far we’ve had a little focus on syntactic formation of words which is already known and clear to any linguist involved. Though we passed this short time on it, it should be emphasized that we are going to stick to semantic domains with an eye on the effects of culture and thought. To this end, the researcher took a dive in English-Persian literature to gather some supporting data and here is what he has come up with; such domains as colors, numbers, animals, address terms, object naming, measure units, flowers, stars and planets are covered. The following diagram reveals a summary of what is in focus regarding semantic domain and word formation.

 

Measure units

Our translations at issue have not cited the Persian equivalents for the measure scales in English. They are simply saying ‘18 inch and 3 foot’ which could be baffling to the readers and cause them to get embarrassed often and find it hard to decode or convert into their local scales.

Units such as gram, kilogram, pint, quart, ounce, ton, piece, pile, heap, bushel, bucket, and pound are used in English to measure the weight and quantity of some materials and substances like milk, water, fish, stone etc. Persian, however, mostly makes use of gram, kilo, ton and mesqāl to weigh things. Metr, kilometr, sāntimetr and farsakh are used to measure hieght and area. Centigrade is the only scale for temperature in Persian.

A pint of milk or ounces of gold simply sound meaningless and puzzling to a Persian speaker and hard to find the equivalent in his/her language.

To measure an area or height English applies the Metric system as well as inch, foot, meter, km, furlong, cm, mm, yard, mile, acre, and so on.

When speaking of animals or people both languages use such units as cattle, swarm, gang, group, pair, colony, herd, bunch, flight (the equivalents for Persian); still, Persian has fewer terms to refer to groups of people and/or animals. Colony, herd and swarm remain weird to Persian speakers if referred to ants and bees or gang in reference to a group of people looks strange as well.

Colors and idioms

Colors play a great role in building our vocabulary system both in English and Persian. They cover a wide area and show themselves in the form of idioms, expressions and/or proverbs.

WHITE

*To show white feather ((tærsidæn), to drink white coffee( ŝir-qæhve nuŝidæn) , a white-color worker( kārmand), to go white ( ræng pæride ŝodæn), a white lie ( dorughe maslehati), as white as snow( be safidie barf), to be white-bread( pir-o- qadimi budan)

/ siāh ru/  = disgraced            /del siāh/=  fed up with sth.   / ru sæfid/ = honored                          / mu tælāyi /=  golden- haired                /mu ŝærābi  /=  hair of wine color        /mu xormāyi / = hair of date color       / ĉeŝm æsæli/= eyes of honey color

/ miŝi ĉeŝm / = sheep-like eyes

Iranians think of colors as something relative; it depends where and when to use them. Yellow and red, for instance, are a bit eyes-offending for clothes but beautiful of flowers. Green is so popular indicative of life and spirit though a green car may not look so popular. White, blue and black signify almost the same as for Americans with some exceptions. We find grey a dead color sometimes used by depressed people often.

Animals

Idioms like these “To rain cats and dogs, to make an ass of someone, as blind as bat, as dumb as fish, as cunning as fox, as greedy as wolf “ indicate what the English think about some animals.

Perrine (2000:641) reports that Reid (1926) refers to cats as such:

“Dogs say cats love too much, are irresponsible,

Are changeable, marry too many wives,

Desert their children, chill all dinner tables,

With tale of their nine lives”.

So they think that cats are die-hard as we think in Persian. In contrast, Persian speakers of Iran believe that rabbits are sharp and lovely animals , owls are bad-omen and pigs are dirty while the English consider rabbits stupid and timid, owls birds of fortune and pigs nice tamed animals of best meat.

Stars and planets

Anne Curzan (2003) mentioned in his book, Gender Shifts in the History of English, that planets are generally masculine. Yet, people have referred to these celestial bodies both as neutrals, males and females. Note below:

The gender of the sun in old English as reported by Perrine (2000:635):

Herrick (1591-1674)

The poet considered the sun a man saying so:

“The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun

The higher he‘s a getting

The sooner will his race be run

And nearer he‘s to setting”

The gender of the Saturn in old English:  Browning (1872-1889)

“What matter to me if their star is a world?!

Mine has opened its soul to me,

Therefore I love it.”

Persian regards some well-known planets as feminine; among them are the sun, the Venus and the Saturn which are clearly attributed to naming girls. /khorshid, āftāb, Nāhid, Zohre and Zohal/ are the equivalents. Also note that we use ‘ zohal and Keivan/ to refer to the planet Saturn. Do we really think that Saturn might be bisexual? Clearly Persian names its girl ‘ Zohal’ while its boy ‘ Keivan’.’ Bahrām’, translation of Mars, refers to males only.

Flowers

Various flower names are attributed to females in both English and Persian. It seems we both think of them as delicate beautiful and lovely objects which are far from being masculine.

Rose, lily, tulip, poppy, violet, narcissus, jasmine, lilac, aster and others are frequently observed within the names of girls. Equivalent Persians like /roz, nilufær, ŝæqæyeq, benæfŝe, nærges, yāsæmæn, susæn, minā/ are all found with high frequency among female names. So the contrast between English and Persian language is little as far as this domain is concerned.

 

Address terms

In Persian we address people considering their age, social status, occupations and relations:

/āqā, xānom, āqā pesær, doxtær xānom, pedær jun, mādære mæn, dāsh, ābji /

/doktor, mohændes, qorbān, jenāb særvān, jenāb ræis, sultān, ælāhæzræt/

/ kærbælāyi, hāji, mæŝdi, zāyer, hāj āqā, hāj xānom, seyed,āŝeyx /

/ bænde, hæqir, jenābāli, hæzræte āli/

/ hey, yāru, tæræf, dehāti, bæĉe, borujæk, fesqeli, juje, nim-væjæbi /

You noticed that we have different terms ranging from impolite derogatory names to normal and very polite way of addressing. In Old Persian even just few decades ago people called out or spoke about one another based on their occupation or anything they were known with. Below find a series of such terms and epithets:

/ dærviŝ dowregærd, zeynāl ŝireyi, kæmāl kæftær bāz, ækbær læsh, mæmæd sændviĉi, æbbās qæhveĉi, mæmæd mesgær, kærim se kæle, ækbær lændæhur, mohsen māstbænd, esmāil hæmāmi,

English also enjoys its various terms for calling and addressing others:

Mr. Jacob, Miss Rose, Mrs. Nilsson, Madam Kuris, Dr. Jackson,

President, Your Excellency, Your majesty, your honor, your highness

Guy , Mac, lad, pal, hey, chap, my  friend, boy

Religious terms

And God according to the poet John Donne (1572-1631) is described masculine in this way.

“So in his purple wrapped receive me Lord,

By these his thorns, give me his other crown”

The gender of God or Allah in Persian is always masculine maybe due to the direct influence of Arabic which says “Hov- Allah- ol -wahed“. Religion has always granted us a lot of new words which keep changing and depend on different cultures and religions. For English and Persian languages, we refer to Islam and Christianity as the two main religions which have their special terms.

English has: temple, nun, monk, saying grace, bible, church, victimization, cross, priest, and clergyman.

Persian has: /ruzeh, masjed, tasbih, nazri, sadaqe, kheirāt, hoseinieh, rowzeh, moharam, sineh zani, takeye, zanjir zani, ka’be, ziārat, Koran/

Again it’s clear that Persian enjoys many more words to offer due to being so various in religious affairs. Religious words have also entered our Persian sayings today reflecting our way of thinking sometimes:

/ ĉeŝm bæste ğeyb migi/

/bixe guŝet yāsin mixune/

/ xodā ruzito jāye dige bede/

 

Number domain

Both Persian and English take their particular attitudes toward some numbers. However, most numbers remain intact with no attention paid to them as a thought-provoking thing. Below there comes a range of numbers which carry some social thought and meaning with them:

Persian:

• 14, 5 and 40: seem sacred to most religious people; they are used in reference to Imams especially by the sect of shi’ism.
• 20: used to put others’ achievements in compliment / kāret bisteh/
• 124000: believed to be the number of prophets sent by God
• 10: the borderline between pass and fail in a task- looked upon with contempt
• 1: something like 20; great and high-quality. Besides, God is one only and so Persian speakers mostly believe a good thing should be only one. / khodā yaki, zan yaki/
• 3: this number shows okay / tā 3 nashe bāzi nashe/ or again we attribute 3 to a religious belief saying / Allah, Mohammad, Ali/- meaning that the third time is done.
• 13: indicative of bad-omen and people are afraid of

English:

• 10: very good with high quality (an ace)
• 7 is usually regarded as lucky/auspicious, that probably survives from various bits of classical (Roman/Greek) culture. Also we know about 7 Heavens.
• 666 is a number considered evil in the bible (the number of “the beast”)
• 13 is considered unlucky as 13 people sat down at Christ’s last supper
• 3 : again it’s considered a number of luck / third time lucky/
• 1: God , a respected number
• 6: days to build the heavens and earth
• 50,000 years, the time of judgment day

 

Discussions

 Color terms discussed by Yarmohamadi (2002) proved to be worth studying anew. This researcher came to the same results that the domain of colors contributes highly to forming new words, expressions and idioms. It should be added that many colors brought in English idioms are transferred into another color in Persian to signify the same thing- still they share similar color names in some compound expressions. Lack of isomorphism arisen from using different colors to say the same thing in English and Persian provides the field for EFL learners to commit errors. Having two different systems of measurements in the language also puts the translators and interpreters into trouble when try to convey a precise message. Measure units were analyzed by this researcher instead of Yarmohamadi’s measure terms. It was found that English is using metric and non-metric systems for measuring height and distance while Persian majorly sticks to the metric system.

Lack of adequate words in a language showed to bear influence on the perception of people of that language. In reference to trees, for instance, the word æfra/maple/ remains weird to southern people of Iran while northern residents have little conception over konar / lotus/ which grows up in the south only. Simply each group has little idea about how the other one’s tree looks like for they can’t see it in their environment. Then the frequency of their reference to the other tree is also low. Another example is that residents of hot and moist areas in southern Iran cannot perceive well how avalanche looks like exactly. They have not seen enough snow most probably. This is nearly in line with the findings by Lantz (1963), Brown and Lenneberg (1954) who conducted a pertinent study and concluded that language does not affect perception. If they perceive a phenomenon in the environment, they find a word in their language and go toward naming and categorizing it.

Barrette (1989) reported an article which claimed that the Hebrews of Biblical times would think differently from westerns of Hellenistic era. It should be clarified here that Iranians because of reliance on God’s will power and religious beliefs, as a main factor shaping their thought, step almost in the same way as Hebrews. They mostly think that God rules the whole nature and happening with a little role played by human being; the Hebrew had been found of the notion that God does everything with nothing left to be done by man.

Martinez and Shatz (1996) had examined Spanish and English children to find about the gender marking in the two languages via categorization. As gender is so limited in English, the children didn’t care about it while doing their classification. On the other hand, Spanish children showed sensitivity to this point and took it into account. In case of Persian, children are expected to do the same as the English because gender marking has little place in Persian as well. The two linguists considered this point in favor of Whorfian hypothesis since each language imparts a way of thinking. This researcher agrees partly with them in this case for such a kind of categorization of objects is to some extent language-specific. Yet, it should be clarified that children of Spanish, German, and French etc. which are gender-sensitive are expected to think in similar ways and those of other neutral languages like Persian and English should think and behave the same.

Lucy (1992) tried to find about plural forming in English and Yucatan of Mexico. He found out that English speakers indicate number for animate/inanimate objects while Yucatan speakers used number frequently for animals and less for non-animate objects. In Persian as in English, we indicate number or a measure unit for both animate and inanimate things. So, different languages may use a grammatical point in similar ways. It should be noted of course that animate objects are not the same in English and Persian. Little children of Iran mostly consider plants and moving things as animate beings while it may not hold true in case of British or American children.  Lucy also pointed out that distinct objects like chair and candle are countable and considered singular in English and could be pluralized while air and water do not take plural forms. He understood that Japanese take all inanimate beings as mass nouns in English. This researcher, however, found that Persian and English think almost the same in this regard.

6.conclusion

In reply to the first question concerning the effect of thought on word formation , it can be mentioned that one’s thinking style can help one select a proper word in reference to an object or substance; there may exist many words related to something but his thinking style lets him choose the correct one. For example, while talking about stars and planets, it is thought which compels Persian speakers to call the sun a beautiful lady and reminds the English to consider it a powerful man.

Regarding the second question or the role played by culture in word formation, the findings indicated that culture along with its branches including environment, literature, religion and family contribute highly to raising a new thinking style and forming new words in a language. One’s specific region of living consists of specific creatures, trees and objects, enjoys its special customs and habits which require their special names and categorizations. Literary men including poets, writers and translators play with existing words to make similes, metaphors, personifications and change them according to their skills to convey an idea. They also go to coin words or import them from other languages with little hesitation.Religion as one other major part of the culture granted both languages a new set of words. Depending on the type of religion a culture adopted, that society changed relevant vocabulary cache and coined or borrowed a replacement. Persian, for instance, was deeply affected hundreds of years ago when Arabs invaded Iran.

The answer to the last question about the way word formation varies in English and Persian requires a retrospect to the processes involved. It was found that the two languages overlap greatly in such processes as compounding, coining, borrowing and etymology. Other processes like blending and backformation are rarely observed in Persian while Persian, on the other hand, uses repetition specifically to make a new word. Besides, compounding is also more common in Persian than English. Acronyms and nominal couples exist in both, except that acronyms are seen to be more utilized in military names and the names of companies. NASA and NATO in English and rājā and nājā in Persian are few common examples.

References

Amirshahi, A.(2008). Qæle’ heyvānāt. Tehran: Ferain publications.

Barrett,W. (1958). “Hebrews’ minds vs. western minds”. Retrieved from http://www.godward.org/Hebrew Roots/hebrew_mind_vs__the_western_mind.

Brown, R., Lenneberg, E.(1954) & Lantz (1963). “Words influence perceptual-cognitive factors”.  Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/pss/1126984

Burke, D. (2004). Street talk 1-3. USA: Optima Books. Carroll, W.D. (2007). Psychology of language. USA: Tomson Wardsworth.

Carroll, W.D. (2007). Psychology of language. USA: Tomson Wardsworth.

Firuzbaxt, M.(2009). Qæle’ heyvānāt. Tehran: Rāmin publications.

Golābdærrei, M.(1991). Ahuye Kuhi. Tehran: Sæfā Publications.

Lucy. (1992).”Typical pluralization in English and Yucatan lexical noun phrases”. retrieved from http://www.duke.edu/~pk10/language/ca.htm

Orwell, G. (2006). Animal farm. Tehran :Longman: Færhængzæbān publications.

Perrine, L. (1990). Literature: Poetry: The elements of poetry. Tehran: Hedāyæt publications.

Saif, A. A. (2004).Educational psychology: Psychology of learning & instruction. Tehran: Agāh publishers.

Seidel & McMordi .(1993). Oxford English-Persian dictionary of idioms. Tehran: Ræhnemā publications.

Steinberg, D. (2000). Psycholinguistics: language, mind and world. London and New York: Longman.

Wang, Aigo(1997).”A comparison of word formation between English and Chinese”. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=mLBmKotEe9cC&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&d

Whorf, B. L. (1956). “Language, thought, and reality”. Retrieved from http://www.benogo.dk/publications/2PhenomneologicalStudiesOfPlace.pdf

Yarmohammadi, L.(2002). A contrastive analysis of English and Persian. Tehran: Payame Noor University.

About the Author

co-authors:Professor Yarmohamadi.L & Dr.Rashidi.N from Shiraz University, Iran. 

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how to switch between english and arabic on macintosh?

I know on windows we use alt+shift
whats the keybord shortcut for mac ?

Hopefully the link below will help you get underway

http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicMac.html

Can you help me translate two names from English to Arabic?

Hello we’re planning our second child and don’t know the sex yet. I would like to have two names translated in arabic for a tattoo, i already have my daughter Sophia’s on my wrist. The names are Bianca and Dominic.

Thanks!

Bianca = ??????
Dominic = ???????

Arabic translation services require special care

Arabic is one of the world’s most widely spoken languages and also one of it’s most challenging for English speakers and, in many respects, for Arabic speakers themselves.  While the 280 million Modern Standard Arabic “speakers” share a common written language, regional differences between spoken Arabic are significant.  In addition, as a right to left language that requires special software to render, Arabic translation services often find themselves at odds with standard technical configurations of their software and operating systems. 

Content: Arabic is one of the world’s most widely spoken languages and also one of it’s most challenging for English speaking language service providers.  While the 280 million Modern Standard Arabic “speakers” share a common written language, regional differences between spoken Arabic are significant.  In addition, as a right to left language that requires special software to render, Arabic translation services often find themselves at odds with standard technical configurations of their software and operating systems.

 

Arabic translation is quite challenging from the perspective of a project manager at a translation service.  Few project managers at Western translation firms are even proficient in basic written Arabic.  While many can speak numerous languages, Arabic seldom is one of them making reliance on carefully vetted team of translators paramount.  In as much, while many languages require little more than a translator and an editor to produce a high quality product, it is often necessary for a translation service to have an Arabic translator co-manage projects. 

In addition, Arabic translation can be extremely difficult to format and often requires a typesetting specialist, even to reproduce a basic text in Microsoft Word.  Such issues as fonts, keyboard layouts, operating systems, and of course the right to left orientation of written Arabic itself make it an exceptionally challenging to translate while capturing the visual elements and layout of the original.  Even perfectly formatted texts are sure to look incorrect if opened on a system not specifically configured to handle Arabic.  It is often necessary to deliver work in PDF or jpg so that the correct visuals are displayed and the translation is clearly seen.

One of the most interesting aspects of Arabic translation is that written Arabic is quite different than spoken Arabic.  That is, a written text read aloud may not be mutually intelligible to listeners, though when read it will comprehensible to readers.  This is due to the fact that Arabic has a standard writing system, but not a common system of speech.  This is not necessarily an issue for a firm offering translation services in Modern Standard Arabic but it makes life quite difficult for those offering interpretation.

 

One should bear in mind that Arabic is quite different than English and that the barriers to communication are significantly greater in the Arabic speaking world than in the English speaking world.  Spoken Arabic has been described as a continuum more than a shared language.  If there were a “standard” dialect, Egyptian Arabic would be the most obvious candidate as both the largest and oldest Arabic speaking civilization.  However, it is a best practice to work with linguists with origins in one’s target market, even when producing written Arabic translation and certainly for other types of language services.

About the Author

<a href=” http://www.greentranslations.com/arabic-translation”> Arabic translation</a> is a challenging language with many low quality service providers so be sure to employ only the top <a href=” http://www.greentranslations.com/”>translation service</a>.